Mathematical Symbols & Notation Guide | Complete LaTeX Reference

Basic Mathematical Constants

Pi (π)

Symbol: π

LaTeX: \pi

The ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter (approximately 3.14159)

Euler's Number (e)

Symbol: e

LaTeX: e

A fundamental mathematical constant (approximately 2.71828) used in calculus, complex numbers, and exponential growth

Operators and Operations

Summation (∑)

Symbol: ∑

LaTeX: \sum

Represents the sum of a sequence of numbers or expressions

Product (∏)

Symbol: ∏

LaTeX: \prod

Represents the product of a sequence of numbers or expressions

Integral (∫)

Symbol: ∫

LaTeX: \int

Represents the integral of a function over a given interval

Set Theory

Set Membership (∈)

Symbol: ∈

LaTeX: \in

Indicates element membership in a set

Subset (⊆)

Symbol: ⊆

LaTeX: \subseteq

Indicates that one set is contained within another

Vector Operations

Dot Product (·)

Symbol: ·

LaTeX: \cdot

Represents the scalar product of two vectors

Cross Product (×)

Symbol: ×

LaTeX: \times

Represents the vector product of two vectors

Element-wise Product (⊙)

Symbol: ⊙

LaTeX: \odot

Represents the Hadamard (element-wise) product of matrices or vectors

Tensor Product (⊗)

Symbol: ⊗

LaTeX: \otimes

Represents the tensor product of mathematical objects

Logical Operators

For All (∀)

Symbol: ∀

LaTeX: \forall

Indicates universal quantification

There Exists (∃)

Symbol: ∃

LaTeX: \exists

Indicates existential quantification

Therefore (∴)

Symbol: ∴

LaTeX: \therefore

Indicates a logical conclusion

Because (∵)

Symbol: ∵

LaTeX: \because

Indicates a reason or cause

Geometric Relations

Parallel (∥)

Symbol: ∥

LaTeX: \parallel

Indicates parallel lines or planes

Perpendicular (⊥)

Symbol: ⊥

LaTeX: \perp

Indicates perpendicular lines or planes

Congruent (≅)

Symbol: ≅

LaTeX: \cong

Indicates geometric figures with same shape and size

Similar (∼)

Symbol: ∼

LaTeX: \sim

Indicates geometric figures with same shape

Calculus and Analysis

Limit (lim)

Symbol: lim

LaTeX: \lim

Represents the value a function approaches

Partial Derivative (∂/∂x)

Symbol: ∂/∂x

LaTeX: \frac{\partial}{\partial x}

Rate of change with respect to one variable

Complex Conjugate

Symbol: z̄

LaTeX: \overline{z}

Represents the complex conjugate of a complex number

Functions and Special Notation

Floor Function (⌊x⌋)

Symbol: ⌊x⌋

LaTeX: \lfloor x \rfloor

Largest integer less than or equal to x

Ceiling Function (⌈x⌉)

Symbol: ⌈x⌉

LaTeX: \lceil x \rceil

Smallest integer greater than or equal to x

Factorial (n!)

Symbol: n!

LaTeX: n!

Product of all positive integers up to n

Binomial Coefficient

Symbol: (n k)

LaTeX: \binom{n}{k}

Number of ways to choose k items from n items

Matrix Operations

Matrix Inverse

Symbol: A⁻¹

LaTeX: A^{-1}

Represents the inverse of a square matrix

Matrix Transpose

Symbol: Aᵀ

LaTeX: A^T

Represents the transpose of a matrix

Kronecker Delta

Symbol: δᵢⱼ

LaTeX: \delta_{ij}

Function that equals 1 when i=j and 0 otherwise

Accessibility Notes

  • All mathematical symbols include clear text descriptions
  • LaTeX notation provided for digital typesetting
  • Hierarchical organization for easy navigation
  • Grouped by mathematical concept for logical flow